RESUMO Organizações internacionais estimam que um novo diagnóstico de demência seja feito a cada três segundos. Objetivos: Explorar o conhecimento e as crenças da população adulta cubana com relação aos fatores de risco de demência e determinar as variáveis demográficas a eles relacionados mediante um estudo de seção transversal. Um levantamento transversal foi realizado com 1.004 cubanos. Métodos: A pesquisa mediu a importância atribuída à demência, o conhecimento sobre redução de risco e as ações para preveni-la. Regressão logística foi realizada para identificar variáveis associadas ao conhecimento. Resultados: Muitos entrevistados (47,5%) acreditam que a redução do risco de demência deve começar antes dos 40 anos. A estimulação cognitiva e as atividades físicas foram selecionadas com maior frequência. Ter mais de 48 anos, contato prévio com demência e formação universitária aumentaram a probabilidade de ter estilos de vida saudáveis. Conclusões: A exploração de variáveis demográficas permite predizer a probabilidade de conhecer ou ter crenças positivas em relação à demência. Variáveis demográficas devem ser contempladas nas estratégias de prevenção de demência na população cubana.

ABSTRACT International organizations estimate that a new dementia is diagnosed every 3 s. Objectives: To explore the knowledge and beliefs among a cross-section of the adult population of Cuba with regard to dementia risk factors and to determine the demographic variables related with it. A cross-sectional survey was carried out on 1,004 Cubans. Methods: The survey measured the importance placed on dementia, risk reduction knowledge, and the actions to prevent it. Logistic regression was undertaken to identify variables associated with knowledge. Results: Many respondents (47.5%) believe that dementia risk reduction should start before the age of 40. Cognitive stimulation and physical activities were selected with major frequency. Being older than 48 years, having previous contact with dementia, and university education increases the probability of having healthy lifestyles. Conclusions: The exploration of demographic variables allows the prediction of likelihood to know about or have positive beliefs in relation to dementia. They should be contemplated into strategies for dementia prevention in Cuban population.

Resumen En la actualidad, las universidades han cerrado sus puertas y se ha implementado un proceso educativo basado en el aprendizaje en línea. El presente artículo expone los resultados de un estudio cuyo principal objetivo fue explorar las preferencias del alumnado de Psicología de la Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas, en relación con el empleo de plataformas virtuales dentro del proceso docente de educación a distancia. Se desarrolló una investigación cuantitativa, con un diseño transversal de tipo descriptivo, mediante cuestionario, con alcance descriptivo, en febrero de 2021. Se empleó un cuestionario a través del software libre Google Forms®. Se realizó un muestreo no probabilístico e intencional. Un total de 72 estudiantes completó el cuestionario. Los datos fueron procesados usando SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences), versión 25, mediante el empleo de la estadística descriptiva. Los resultados mostraron que del grupo de plataformas disponibles para el proceso de educación en línea, la mayoría del alumnado emplea WhatsApp alegando que resulta frecuente su uso entre colegas de estudio, que se encuentran familiarizados con su funcionamiento y que facilita la comunicación. La segunda opción de elección fue el correo personal, y, en tercer lugar, la plataforma Moodle. Conocer las preferencias y motivaciones del alumnado, para dar respuestas a sus quehaceres académicos, orienta al profesorado y la dirección en cuanto al reconocimiento de diversas plataformas, y no solamente de aquellas dictadas institucionalmente. Por tanto, debe hacerse un llamado a la flexibilidad, a la diversidad de posibilidades, un ajuste necesario a lo que el alumnado considera motivante y atrayente.

Abstract Currently, universities have closed their doors and an educational process based on online learning has been implemented. This article presents the results of a study whose main objective was to explore the preferences of the Psychology students of the Central University “Marta Abreu” of Las Villas, in relation to the use of virtual platforms within the distance education teaching process. A quantitative research was carried out, with a descriptive cross-sectional design using a questionnaire, with a descriptive scope, in February 2021. A questionnaire was used through the free software Google Forms®. A non-probabilistic and intentional sampling was carried out. A total of 72 students completed the questionnaire. The data were processed using SPSS / Windows, version 25, using descriptive statisTic. The results showed that of the group of platforms available for the online education process, most of the students use WhatsApp, claiming that its use is frequent among study colleagues; who are familiar with how it works; and that facilitates communication. The second option of choice was personal email, and third, the Moodle platform. Knowing the preferences and motivations of students to give answers to their academic tasks, guides teachers and managers regarding the recognition of various platforms, and not only those dictated institutionally. At present, a call must be made for flexibility, for diversity of possibilities; a necessary adjustment to what the students consider motivating and attractive.

ABSTRACT Background The need for neurocognitive intervention in older adults, as well as the various positions regarding its benefits, justify the relevance of systematizing the dissimilar proposals for neurocognitive intervention in people with and without cognitive deficits. Knowledge of the impact of these interventions on the cognitive health of these people is vitally important. Objective to describe, through a systematic review of the scientific literature, the effects of neurocognitive intervention on cognitive health in healthy older adults, and in older adults with mild cognitive impairment or dementia. Methods a descriptive study was carried out, which consisted of a systematic review of the scientific literature on the subject; and started from the search in the databases: PubMed, PsycInfo, Scielo, Cochrane and EBSCO, from August to December 2018. The PRISMA Declaration was used. 426 articles were found. After applying the inclusion, exclusion and exit criteria, and analyzing the overlap effect, six articles made up the sample. Results the main forms of neurocognitive intervention were stimulation and training. The most frequently used modality was neurocognitive stimulation. Effects of improvement in processing speed, selective attention, planning, reaction time, categorization, verbal fluency, comprehension, visual recognition and orientation were reported. Conclusion The existing empirical evidence on the implementation of neurocognitive intervention programs during the last ten years points to paths towards effective intervention and improvement of the quality of life of adults.

RESUMEN Fundamento La necesidad de la intervención neurocognitiva en adultos mayores, así como las diversas posturas en cuanto a sus beneficios, justifican la pertinencia de sistematizar las disímiles propuestas de intervención neurocognitiva en personas con y sin déficits cognitivos. Reviste vital importancia el conocimiento del impacto de dichas intervenciones en la salud cognitiva de estas personas. Objetivo describir, mediante una revisión sistemática de la literatura científica, los efectos de la intervención neurocognitiva sobre la salud cognitiva en adultos mayores sanos, y en adultos mayores con deterioro cognitivo leve o demencia. Métodos se realizó estudio descriptivo, que consistió en una revisión sistemática de la literatura científica sobre el tema; y partió de la búsqueda en las bases de datos: PubMed, PsycInfo, Scielo, Cochrane y EBSCO, de agosto a diciembre de 2018. Se empleó la Declaración PRISMA. Fueron encontrados 426 artículos. Tras aplicar los criterios de inclusión, exclusión y salida, y analizar el efecto de solapamiento, conformaron la muestra seis artículos. Resultados las principales formas de intervención neurocognitiva fueron la estimulación y el entrenamiento. La modalidad empleada con mayor frecuencia fue la estimulación neurocognitiva. Se reportaron efectos de mejora en la velocidad de procesamiento, en la atención selectiva, planeación, tiempo de reacción, categorización, fluidez verbal, comprensión, reconocimiento visual y orientación. Conclusión La evidencia empírica existente sobre la puesta en práctica de programas de intervención neurocognitiva durante los últimos diez años señala caminos hacia la intervención efectiva y la mejora de la calidad de vida de los adultos.

Abstract The objective of the present study was to characterize functional capacity, anxiety and depression in a group of older adults in the municipality of Santa Clara. From an intentional sampling and the determination of criteria for the conformation of the sample, this was formed by 69 elders belonging to the Home of Elders 1 "Marta Abreu", the House of Grandparents 2 "Camilo Cienfuegos", seniors who attend the University of the Elderly in Santa Clara and senior citizens belonging to the Family Medical Office 19. The sample presents homogeneous characteristics, there being a balance between the number of men and women. The evaluation was carried out, at first, by the application of the Barthel Index, the Geriatric Depression Scale and the Zung Anxiety Self-Assessment Scale. Subsequently semi-structured interviews were used for the qualitative stage of the process, which allowed deepening the indicators of anxiety and depression in part of the sample. The main results offered by the study were that in the majority of the subjects in the sample there is a presence of functional independence. Also, the great part of the sample selection does not present high rates of anxiety or depression due to factors such as the existence of support networks and social interaction. A relationship between female sex and higher rates of anxiety and depression was evidenced. A relationship was also observed between the non-existence of support networks and functional independence, as well as the reduction of anxious and depressive indices when the elderly has adequate family interaction.

Resumen El objetivo del presente trabajo fue caracterizar la capacidad funcional, la ansiedad y la depresión en un grupo de adultos mayores en el municipio de Santa Clara. La muestra estuvo conformada por 69 ancianos pertenecientes al Hogar de Ancianos 1 “Marta Abreu”, la Casa de Abuelos 2 “Camilo Cienfuegos”, adultos mayores que cursan la Universidad del Adulto Mayor en Santa Clara y adultos mayores pertenecientes al Consultorio Médico de la Familia, número 19. La muestra presentó características homogéneas, existiendo un equilibrio entre la cantidad de hombres y mujeres. La evaluación se llevó a cabo, en un primer momento, mediante la aplicación del Índice de Barthel, la Escala de Depresión Geriátrica y la Escala de Autovaloración de Ansiedad de Zung. Posteriormente se emplearon entrevistas semiestructuradas para la etapa cualitativa del proceso, que permitió profundizar en los indicadores de ansiedad y depresión en parte de la muestra. Los principales resultados ofrecidos por el estudio fueron que en la mayoría de los sujetos de la muestra existió presencia de independencia funcional. También que la gran parte de la selección muestral no presentó índices elevados de ansiedad o depresión debido a factores como la existencia de redes de apoyo y la interacción social. Se evidenció una relación entre el sexo femenino y mayores índices de ansiedad y depresión; también se observó una relación entre la no existencia de redes de apoyo y la independencia funcional, así como la disminución de los índices ansiosos y depresivos cuando el anciano cuenta con adecuada interacción familiar.

RESUMO. A Bateria de Avaliação Frontal (FAB) e o teste de rastreio frontal do INECO (IFS) são dois instrumentos frequentemente utilizados para explorar déficits cognitivos em diferentes doenças. No entanto os estudos que relatam seu uso em pacientes com comprometimento cognitivo leve (MCI) são limitados. Objetivo: Comparar a sensibilidade e especificidade da FAB e IFS em comprometimento cognitivo leve (subtipo amnéstico de múltiplos domínios [md-aMCI]). Métodos: O IFS e FAB foram administrados a 30 pacientes md-aMCI e 59 participantes saudáveis. A sensibilidade e a especificidade foram exploradas usando a análise ROC. Resultados: A área sob a curva ROC (AUC) do IFS para pacientes com MCI foi de 0,82 (sensibilidade=0,96; especificidade=0,76), enquanto a AUC de FAB foi de 0,74 (sensibilidade=0,73; especificidade=0,70). Conclusões: Em comparação com o FAB, o IFS apresentou maior sensibilidade e especificidade para detecção de disfunções executivas no subtipo md-aMCI. O uso do INECO Frontal Screening (IFS) na prática clínica cotidiana, permitiria detectar com maior precisão as disfunções frontais em pacientes com deficiência cognitiva leve, possibilitando a intervenção precoce, impedindo a transição para alterações cognitivas mais graves.

ABSTRACT. The Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) and the INECO Frontal Screening (IFS) are two instruments frequently used to explore cognitive deficits in different diseases. However, studies reporting their use in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are limited. Objective: To compare the sensitivity and specificity of FAB and IFS in mild cognitive impairment (multiple-domain amnestic MCI subtype — md-aMCI). Methods: IFS and FAB were administered to 30 md-aMCI patients and 59 healthy participants. Sensitivity and specificity were investigated using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results: The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of IFS for MCI patients was .82 (sensitivity=0.96; specificity=0.76), whereas the AUC of FAB was 0.74 (sensitivity=0.73; specificity=0.70). Conclusions: In comparison to FAB, IFS showed higher sensitivity and specificity for the detection of executive dysfunctions in md-aMCI subtype. The use of IFS in everyday clinical practice would allow detecting the frontal dysfunctions in MCI patients with greater precision, enabling the early intervention and impeding the transition to more severe cognitive alterations.